A 22-year-old woman was diagnosed with HIV after having her nails done using shared manicure equipment.
Doctors say the case, detailed in a medical journal, has revealed a new form of transmission for the virus.
However
the researchers warned that transmission through shared manicure
equipment is a 'very rare event' and the risks of infection from new
sources are still very low.
When
diagnosed, the woman was found to have advanced HIV, according to the
report in the journal AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.
But
she had none of the usual risk factors for acquiring the virus, which
is most commonly caught by having sex without a condom.
It
can also be passed on by sharing infected needles and other injecting
equipment, and from an HIV-positive mother to her child during
pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.
However,
the woman did report having shared manicure instruments years before
with a cousin who was later found to be HIV-positive.
Blood analysis suggested the woman contracted the virus around ten years ago.
Further
genetic analysis of the viruses from both patients suggested it came
from a common ancestor, indicating the possibility HIV was transmitted
through the manicure instruments.
Dr
Brian Foley, of the HIV Sequence Database at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory, said the case should not make people scared of contact with
people with the virus, as the risk of infection is very low.
He said: 'HIV is not transmitted by casual contact, such as sharing eating utensils, or drinking from the same water glass.
'This
transmission of HIV by shared manicure equipment is a very rare event
that should serve not to make people fear HIV or contact with
HIV-infected people.'
However, the case could promote caution around sharing items which may contain blood, he added.
He
said: 'It should make people aware that sharing any utensils with
possible blood-blood contact, such as needles used for drugs, tattoos,
or acupuncture can result in transmission of viruses such as hepatitis C
(HCV) and HIV.
'In
addition, there are other common viruses and bacteria that can also be
spread by sharing equipment without proper disinfection between users.'
HIV
is transmitted from one person to another through bodily fluids
including blood, blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids and breast
milk.
It
must enter directly into a person's bloodstream through an injection
with a needle or syringe, or come in contact with damaged tissue, or a
mucous membrane.
Mucous membranes can be found inside the mouth, the vagina, the opening of the penis, and the rectum.
Dr Michael Brady, Medical Director at Terrence Higgins Trust, echoed that this is a rare case.
He
said: 'This is a highly unusual case. It is often very difficult to be
certain as to the source of an HIV infection – especially one that
happened over a decade ago – and it is hard to imagine how HIV could be
caught from manicure equipment.
'In
the UK the vast majority of HIV infections are passed on through
unprotected sex. I don’t think this single case need change our simple
message that the best ways to prevent HIV infection are to use condoms
and test regularly for the virus'.
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